sugar 1,4-lactone oxidases. This model represents a family of at least two different sugar 1,4 lactone oxidases, both involved in synthesizing ascorbic acid or a derivative. These include L-gulonolactone oxidase (EC 1.1.3.8) from rat and D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase (EC 1.1.3.37) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Members are proposed to have the cofactor FAD covalently bound at a site specified by Prosite motif PS00862; OX2_COVAL_FAD; 1.

FAD binding domain. This family consists of various enzymes that use FAD as a co-factor, most of the enzymes are similar to oxygen oxidoreductase. One of the enzymes Vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO) has a solved structure, the alignment includes the FAD binding site, called the PP-loop, between residues 99-110. The FAD molecule is covalently bound in the known structure, however the residue that links to the FAD is not in the alignment. VAO catalyzes the oxidation of a wide variety of substrates, ranging form aromatic amines to 4-alkylphenols. Other members of this family include D-lactate dehydrogenase, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of D-lactate to pyruvate using FAD as a co-factor; mitomycin radical oxidase, this enzyme oxidises the reduced form of mitomycins and is involved in mitomycin resistance. This family includes MurB an UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase enzyme EC:1.1.1.158. This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan.

FAD/FMN-containing dehydrogenases [Energy production and conversion]

Cytokinin dehydrogenase 1, FAD and cytokinin binding. Members of this family adopt an alpha+beta sandwich structure with an antiparallel beta-sheet, in a ferredoxin-like fold. They are predominantly found in plant cytokinin dehydrogenase 1, where they are capable of binding both FAD and cytokinin substrates. The substrate displays a 'plug-into-socket' binding mode that seals the catalytic site and precisely positions the carbon atom undergoing oxidation in close contact with the reactive locus of the flavin.

cytokinin dehydrogenase