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human milk oligosaccharide
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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are multifunctional glycans which are natural constituents of human milk, and are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids. They are a structurally and biologically diverse group of complex indigestible sugars. HMOs are made of five basic monosaccharides: glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), N-ethylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose (Fuc) and sialic acid (SA). Almost all HMOs contain lactose (Gal-B1, 4-Glc) at the reducing end, which can be extended with lacto-N-biose I (Gal-b1, 3GlcNAc) or lactosamine (Gal-b1, 4-GlcNAc). They act as prebiotics through the promotion of growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. Thus leading to the generation of short-chain fatty acids which are vital for a healthy gut. They are also known to directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses and can reduce binding of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to the gut epithelium selectivley thereby preventing the emergence of a disease.
References
Smilowitz, J. T., Lebrilla, C. B., Mills, D. A., German, J. B., & Freeman, S. L. (2014). Breast milk oligosaccharides: structure-function relationships in the neonate. Annual review of nutrition, 34, 143–169. Click here to redirect detail information.
Wiciński, M., Sawicka, E., Gębalski, J., Kubiak, K., & Malinowski, B. (2020). Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Health Benefits, Potential Applications in Infant Formulas, and Pharmacology. Nutrients, 12(1), 266. Click here to redirect detail information.
Walsh, C., Lane, J. A., van Sinderen, D., & Hickey, R. M. (2020). Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health. Journal of functional foods, 72, 104074. Click here to redirect detail information.
CAZyme Gene Cluster:
| Substrate | Genome_ID | CGC_ID | CGC_Content | PUL_ID | Species Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000003383 | MGYG000003383_17|CGC5 |
GH125,null,GH20,GH3,LacI,null,9.B.51.1.1,null,null,3.A.1.1.20,3.A.1.1.25,SBP_bac_1,GH5|GH5_18,null,null,GH38,GH38,3.A.1.1.20,3.A.1.1.42,3.A.1.1.7
|
PUL0368 | Bifidobacterium scardovii |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000031 | MGYG000000031_2|CGC4 |
3.A.1.1.20,3.A.1.1.26,GH29,GH29,GH29,null,LacI,3.A.1.6.1,3.A.1.6.1,3.A.1.6.1,3.A.1.6.3,null,HTH_6,2.A.3.3.16
|
PUL0368 | Blautia |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000135 | MGYG000000135_9|CGC7 |
8.A.59.2.1,null,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.29,GH20,CBM32|GH29
|
PUL0368 | Murimonas intestini |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001514 | MGYG000001514_12|CGC38 |
GT2,null,null,CBM6|GH2,null,GntR,4.A.1.2.8,GH13|GH13_29,GH35,GH29,GH95,SBP_bac_1,3.A.1.1.34,3.A.1.1.36,null,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1,PL12,GH88,null,null,2.A.1.3.16
|
PUL0368 | Paenibacillus |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001542 | MGYG000001542_37|CGC2 |
GH130,SBP_bac_1,3.A.1.1.20,3.A.1.1.18,8.A.59.2.1,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,GH3,GH88,PL12,8.A.59.2.1,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,3.A.1.1.20,3.A.1.1.34,SBP_bac_1,GH95,GH29|CBM32
|
PUL0368 | Paenibacillus |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000003072 | MGYG000003072_25|CGC2 |
GH38,GH3,HTH_AraC,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.10,GH29,null,null,GH35,GH29|CBM32,9.B.158.1.1,GH3
|
PUL0368 | Paenibacillus amylolyticus |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001522 | MGYG000001522_5|CGC11 |
2.A.2.3.12,GH38,null,GH29|CBM32,3.A.1.1.21,3.A.1.1.18
|
PUL0368 | Pauljensenia radingae |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000004468 | MGYG000004468_1|CGC1 |
GH97,3.A.1.26.5,null,GH95|CBM51,GH29,GH92,GH109,null,GT2,GT2
|
PUL0368 | Alistipes |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000002033 | MGYG000002033_18|CGC1 |
GH154,GH88,3.A.1.7.5,3.A.1.7.2,3.A.1.7.1,null,null,GH95|CBM13,GH5|GH5_38,3.A.1.135.5,null,null,GH123
|
PUL0368 | Parabacteroides massiliensis |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000003042 | MGYG000003042_10|CGC1 |
3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.29,null,GH130,GH38,GH20,null,GH3
|
PUL0368 | Gemmiger sp900545545 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000002464 | MGYG000002464_1|CGC1 |
3.A.1.34.1,3.A.1.34.1,null,null,CBM71|GH2|CBM67,null,GH20,GH38,GH130,null,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.29
|
PUL0368 | Acetivibrio |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000152 | MGYG000000152_13|CGC2 |
GH29|CBM32,GH88,GH112,3.A.1.1.34,3.A.1.1.36,8.A.59.2.1
|
PUL0368 | Lacrimispora sp902363835 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000004168 | MGYG000004168_36|CGC1 |
3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.29,null,GH130,GH38,GH20
|
PUL0368 | |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001371 | MGYG000001371_76|CGC1 |
4.A.1.2.8,4.A.1.2.8,GH13_29|GH13,GH95|CBM13,GH110,null,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.10
|
PUL0368 | Paenibacillus lautus |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001812 | MGYG000001812_2|CGC1 |
CBM32|GH29,null,3.A.1.105.15,3.A.1.105.15,3.A.1.105.15,null,3.A.1.105.15,2.A.20.2.7,null,GT2
|
PUL0368 | |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000003512 | MGYG000003512_3|CGC1 |
3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.10,2.A.1.65.8,null,GH105,null,GH51,GH29,CBM32|GH29,GH38,HTH_DeoR,null,3.A.1.5.12,3.A.1.5.29,3.A.1.5.29,3.A.1.5.29,3.A.1.5.12,null,null,GH38
|
PUL0368 | UBA11524 sp900769075 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001024 | MGYG000001024_34|CGC1 |
CBM32|GH78|CBM67,CBM35|GH27,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,CBM51|GH95|CBM62,null,GH29,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.9,CBM2|PL11_1|PL11,GH28,null,null,2.A.122.1.6,1.E.14.1.6
|
PUL0368 | HGM11521 sp900751885 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000002186 | MGYG000002186_13|CGC2 |
GH13_20|GH13,GH13_9|CBM48|GH13,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1,null,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.29,GH20,GH29|CBM32
|
PUL0368 | Ruminococcus |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001448 | MGYG000001448_1|CGC13 |
3.A.1.1.6,3.A.1.1.38,SBP_bac_1,GH125,LacI,GH5_18|GH5,GH38,SBP_bac_1,3.A.1.1.36,3.A.1.1.39,SBP_bac_1,3.A.1.1.23,3.A.1.1.23,3.A.1.1.23,NUDIX,3.A.1.1.23,GH38,null,null,GH20,Fe_dep_repress,3.A.1.15.8,3.A.1.15.8,3.A.1.15.8,3.A.1.15.4,null,null,2.A.22.4.3
|
PUL0368 | Dermabacter hominis |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000002407 | MGYG000002407_19|CGC23 |
3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.29,SBP_bac_1,GH138,GH29,null,null,CBM13|GH95,2.A.51.1.5,2.A.51.1.5,HTH_Mga,null,GH16|GH23
|
PUL0368 | Cohnella sp900169535 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000284 | MGYG000000284_11|CGC1 |
GH123,null,null,3.A.1.106.1,CBM2|GH95,null,null,3.A.1.7.1,3.A.1.7.2,3.A.1.7.5,GH88,GH154
|
PUL0368 | Parabacteroides sp900540715 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000694 | MGYG000000694_1|CGC1 |
CBM67|GH2|CBM32,GH20|CBM32,GH84|CBM32,CBM51|GH95|3.2.1.51|3.2.1.63,GH29|CBM32,2.A.114.1.3
|
PUL0368 | |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000003396 | MGYG000003396_106|CGC2 |
2.A.23.1.5,null,GH63,null,null,2.A.45.3.1,3.A.1.132.4,null,GH20,GH85|CBM32,null,null,GH38,SBP_bac_1,GH38,null,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.10,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1
|
PUL0368 | Clostridium sp900766315 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000104 | MGYG000000104_5|CGC3 |
GH0|GH38,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,GH20,CBM32|GH85,GH3,SBP_bac_1,GH85,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,GH38,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.10,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1,null,null,GH38,GH42,SBP_bac_1,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.10,HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1
|
PUL0368 | Clostridium cuniculi |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000001535 | MGYG000001535_18|CGC12 |
GH88,8.A.59.2.1,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,3.A.1.1.20,3.A.1.1.48,null,CBM32|GH29,GH35
|
PUL0368 | Paenibacillus |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000003383 | MGYG000003383_17|CGC3 |
GH2,GH29,GH20,MarR,3.A.1.1.36,3.A.1.1.20,SBP_bac_1,null,GH18,CE9
|
PUL0368 | Bifidobacterium scardovii |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000003684 | MGYG000003684_4|CGC8 |
GH31,null,GH95|CBM51,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,null,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.10,null,GH95|CBM51,GH2|CBM32,HTH_AraC,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.10,null,GH120
|
PUL0368 | Eisenbergiella massiliensis |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000135 | MGYG000000135_5|CGC1 |
3.A.1.1.10,3.A.1.1.29,9.B.158.1.1,null,GH29,GH20,null,null,GH125,GH38,null,null,GH2,null,null,CE4
|
PUL0368 | Murimonas intestini |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000004469 | MGYG000004469_28|CGC1 |
GT2|GH18,GT2,null,GH109,GH92,GH29,null,CBM2|GH95,null,3.A.1.26.5,GH97
|
PUL0368 | Alistipes |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000193 | MGYG000000193_14|CGC1 |
GH125,GH33,GH29,GH3,SBP_bac_1,SBP_bac_1,3.A.1.1.36,3.A.1.1.20,null,null,3.A.1.1.25,null,GH38,GH130,GH35,GH35,GH20,GH29|CBM32
|
PUL0368 | KLE1615 sp900066985 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000004732 | MGYG000004732_7|CGC3 |
GH3,null,GH20,GH38,GH130,null,null,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.10
|
PUL0368 |