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human milk oligosaccharide
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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are multifunctional glycans which are natural constituents of human milk, and are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids. They are a structurally and biologically diverse group of complex indigestible sugars. HMOs are made of five basic monosaccharides: glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), N-ethylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose (Fuc) and sialic acid (SA). Almost all HMOs contain lactose (Gal-B1, 4-Glc) at the reducing end, which can be extended with lacto-N-biose I (Gal-b1, 3GlcNAc) or lactosamine (Gal-b1, 4-GlcNAc). They act as prebiotics through the promotion of growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. Thus leading to the generation of short-chain fatty acids which are vital for a healthy gut. They are also known to directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses and can reduce binding of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to the gut epithelium selectivley thereby preventing the emergence of a disease.
References
Smilowitz, J. T., Lebrilla, C. B., Mills, D. A., German, J. B., & Freeman, S. L. (2014). Breast milk oligosaccharides: structure-function relationships in the neonate. Annual review of nutrition, 34, 143–169. Click here to redirect detail information.
Wiciński, M., Sawicka, E., Gębalski, J., Kubiak, K., & Malinowski, B. (2020). Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Health Benefits, Potential Applications in Infant Formulas, and Pharmacology. Nutrients, 12(1), 266. Click here to redirect detail information.
Walsh, C., Lane, J. A., van Sinderen, D., & Hickey, R. M. (2020). Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health. Journal of functional foods, 72, 104074. Click here to redirect detail information.
CAZyme Gene Cluster:
| Substrate | Genome_ID | CGC_ID | CGC_Content | PUL_ID | Species Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000002 | MGYG000000002_1|CGC6 |
3.A.1.1.4,3.A.1.1.4,3.A.1.1.4,null,GH2,GH42,HTH_AraC,null,3.A.1.2.17,3.A.1.2.10,3.A.1.2.17
|
PUL0368 | Blautia |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000002 | MGYG000000002_1|CGC8 |
3.A.1.3.14,3.A.1.3.14,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.29,GH27,null,null,GH42,GH2,GH3,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1
|
PUL0368 | Blautia |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000002 | MGYG000000002_21|CGC1 |
3.A.1.26.9,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1,3.A.1.1.45,3.A.1.1.45,SBP_bac_1,GH42,null,2.A.2.3.2,CBM32|GH29,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,GH2,3.A.1.1.29
|
PUL0368 | Blautia |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000002 | MGYG000000002_5|CGC1 |
2.A.23.1.6,CBM13|GH95,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,8.A.59.2.1,3.A.1.1.18,3.A.1.1.18,3.A.1.1.25,CBM32|GH29
|
PUL0368 | Blautia |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000007 | MGYG000000007_8|CGC1 |
3.A.1.24.6,3.A.1.24.3,3.A.1.24.3,3.A.3.23.2,null,null,2.A.3.1.15,LacI,GH2,2.A.2.2.1,null,9.B.105.2.2
|
PUL0368 | Lactobacillus intestinalis |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000008 | MGYG000000008_24|CGC1 |
2.A.36.3.2,9.B.141.1.3,9.B.141.1.2,null,CBM32|GH31,GntR,SIS+SIS,CE9,4.A.6.1.18,4.A.6.1.18,4.A.6.1.18,4.A.6.1.18
|
PUL0196 | Lactobacillus johnsonii |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000011 | MGYG000000011_4|CGC2 |
2.A.98.1.3,HTH_1,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,2.A.2.1.1,GH2,null,3.A.1.149.1,null,HTH_3,2.A.1.15.2
|
PUL0368 | Staphylococcus xylosus |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000013 | MGYG000000013_1|CGC5 |
GT2,null,null,1.E.14.1.13,2.A.122.1.1,null,null,GH105,GH145|PL42,GH43_24|GH43,GH154,null,HTH_AraC,GH31,ATPase_2,GH97,GH51,GH43_19|GH43,CBM32|GH35
|
PUL0358 | Bacteroides sp902362375 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000013 | MGYG000000013_9|CGC3 |
GH30_4|GH30,GH43_34|GH43,null,8.A.46.1.5,1.B.14.6.1,HTH_AraC,GH18
|
PUL0355 | Bacteroides sp902362375 |
| human milk oligosaccharide | MGYG000000014 | MGYG000000014_7|CGC1 |
3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.29,3.A.1.1.29,HTH_AraC+HTH_AraC,GH31,GH3,GH95|CBM2
|
PUL0368 | Clostridium butyricum |
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